Test Cross, Back Cross and Out Cross: Definitions

Correct Answer: All of the Above

From the notes (Mendelian crosses section):

• Back cross: F1 hybrid × ANY homozygous parent (Tt × TT or Tt × tt). Broadest term — can be with either parent.
• Test cross: F1 hybrid × Homozygous RECESSIVE parent (Tt × tt). Used to determine genotype of F1. A special type of back cross.
• Out cross: F1 hybrid × Homozygous DOMINANT parent (Tt × TT). Another type of back cross.

Memory Aid

• Back cross = broader term (any homozygous parent)
• Test cross = specific (recessive parent) — tests for hidden recessive alleles
• Out cross = dominant parent