Mutation and Genetic Transfer: Match the Column

Correct Answer: 1-e, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c, 5-a

From the notes:

• 1. Transition (e): Replacement of one purine by another purine (A↔G), OR one pyrimidine by another pyrimidine (C↔T). Base type unchanged.
• 2. Transversion (d): Replacement of a purine by a pyrimidine (or vice versa). Base type changes.
• 3. Transduction (b): Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another bacterium by a bacteriophage (virus). Example: phage carries bacterial genes from donor to recipient.
• 4. Conjugation (c): Genetic exchange between two living bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact (via pili/conjugation tube). Transfers plasmids (F-factor).
• 5. Transformation (a): Direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous (naked) DNA from the environment by a competent bacterial cell. First demonstrated by Griffith (1928).